Wuryanto Hadinugroho, Stephanie Florencia Winarko, Echa Imanuela Sinta, Senny Yesery Esar, Jefri Prasetyo
The reaction of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (2HT) with caruba (Cb) produces poly-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid caruba (P-2HTCb). The study aims to determine the effect of temperature and heating time in the P-2HTCb synthesis reaction and to obtain the optimum conditions for P-2HTCb synthesis. Experiments with 2HT (4.76 × 10−2 M), Cb (4.51 × 10−5 M), and hydrochloric acid (0.12 M) were carried out in a two-factorial design. Temperature and heating time were the optimization factors (40°C–60°C) and heating time (30–45 min). P-2HTCb was characterized by universal attenuated total reflectance, proton magnetic resonance (PMR), differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. All P-2HTCb contained C = O ester at approximately 1736 cm−1, swelling index (SI) 20.52%–24.82%, pH 3.64–4.88, yield 33.10%–39.30%, and esterification effectiveness (Ee) 10.83%–12.85%. The optimum PMR doublet peak of P-2HTCb was at δ = 2.878–2.652 ppm, melting temperature 146 °C, diffractogram peak at 19.3800°, and a coral-like wavy surface. Increasing melting temperature, increased SI, increased pH, reduced yield, and reduced Ee. Heating time increased SI, decreased pH, reduced yield, and reduced Ee. The combination of both decreased the SI, pH, yield, and Ee. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of P-2HTCb were 55°C for 40 min. P-2HTCb accelerated the flow of microcrystalline cellulose and provided tablet friability of ≤1%. © 2026 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.
Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia