Jessica Chrisanta Soegianto, Michael Suryananda Ismadji, Ariel Fredderick Humphrey, Erwhyanta Monorizho Denesa, Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Darwin Kurniawan, Jindrayani Nyoo Putro, Shella Permatasari Santoso, Maria Yuliana, Alfin Kurniawan, Suryadi Ismadji
The massive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, especially doripenem, has led to increased contamination in aquatic environments. This compound is difficult to remove using conventional methods and may trigger bacterial resistance. This study aims to synthesize and evaluate MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2 composite materials as hybrid adsorbents–photocatalysts for sustainable removal of doripenem. MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2 were synthesized by solvothermal methods and characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD, FTIR, nitrogen sorption, and DRS-Tauc to reveal their structures, crystallinity, porosity, and optical properties. Isotherm tests showed that doripenem adsorption followed the Langmuir model, with maximum capacities of 221.57 mg/g (MIL-100(Fe)) and 169.55 mg/g (MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2) at 30 °C. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, while the photodegradation followed first-order kinetics with the rate constant (kapp) increasing with increasing temperature. The measured pHpzc values of 4.5 for MIL-100(Fe) and 6.3 for MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2 indicated that, under the experimental condition of pH 7.0, doripenem adsorption was governed mainly by hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, and specific surface interactions rather than by dominant electrostatic attraction. The integration of TiO2 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity through charge separation e−/h+ and ROS formation. Five-cycle reusability tests showed higher stability of MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2 (efficiency decreased from ~ 95 to 88%), compared to pure MIL-100(Fe) (~ 84 to 70%). These results confirmed that the MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2 composite has the potential to serve as a sustainable, multifunctional material for the remediation of pharmaceutical waste containing antibiotics. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Master Study Program, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Sustainable and Zero Waste Industries, Jl. Kalijudan 37, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43號, Section 4, Keelung Rd, Da’an District, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China