Shella Permatasari Santoso, Artik Elisa Angkawijaya, Kuan-Chen Cheng, Shin-Ping Lin, Hsien-Yi Hsu, Chang-Wei Hsieh, Astrid Rahmawati, Osamu Shimomura, Suryadi Ismadji
Metal phenolic networks (MPNs) have attracted significant attention due to their environmentally benign nature, broad compatibility, and universal adhesive properties, making them highly effective for modifying adsorbent surfaces. These supramolecular complexes are formed through the coordination of metal ions with natural phenolic ligands, resulting in stable structures while retaining the active adsorption sites of the ligands, thereby enhancing the adsorption performance of unmodified substrates. Among various MPNs, metal ion gallic acid (GA) networks are particularly well-known for their exceptional stability, biological activity, and superior adsorption ability. This review offers a comprehensive examination of GA-based MPN adsorbents, focusing on their formation chemistry, characterization techniques, and applications. The coordination chemistry underlying the stability of GA–metal complexes is analyzed through equilibrium studies, which are critical for understanding the robustness of MPNs. The main analytical methods for assessing metal ligand interactions are discussed, along with additional characterization techniques for evaluating adsorbent properties. This review also explores various synthesis and performance enhancement strategies for GA-based MPN adsorbents, including stand-alone MPNs, MPN-mediated mesoporous materials, MPN-MOF composites, and MPN-coated substrates. By consolidating current advancements in MPN-based adsorbents and offering fundamental insights into their chemistry and characterization, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to develop stable, functional metal-organic materials. It aims to drive innovation in sustainable and efficient adsorbent technologies for diverse environmental and industrial applications. © 2025 by the authors.
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya, Jl. Kalijudan 37, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Chemical Engineering Master Program, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, #1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Taichung, Wufeng, 41354, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Ashahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan