Carlos David Sulistiyo, Kuan-Chen Cheng, Henoch Jaya Su'andi, Maria Yuliana, Chang-Wei Hsieh, Suryadi Ismadji, Artik Elisa Angkawijaya, Alchris Woo Go, Hsien Yi Hsu, Phuong Lan Tran-Nguyen, Shella Permatasari Santoso
Durian rind (DR) is one of the lignocellulose-containing agro-industrial wastes abundant in many South Asian counties. Contributing toward a sustainable and zero waste future, DR was utilized as raw material for cellulose and activated carbon production. A chemical delignification method was adopted to valorize DR into cellulose, while carbonization and subsequent KOH activation steps were used to convert the DR into activated carbon. The resulting materials exhibited high adsorption capacity toward Cr6+ (154.2 and 223.3 mg/g for cellulose and activated carbon, respectively). The activated carbon derived from DR exhibited a faster adsorption rate of Cr6+ compared to cellulose and raw DR. The adsorption of Cr6+ by DR-derived adsorbents exhibited a monolayer tendency, with isotherm and kinetics data following the Khan and pseudo-second-order models. The total production cost of converting DR into cellulose and activated carbon was evaluated using life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Compared to the cellulose production, DR to activated carbon conversion requires up to 6-fold higher cost for energy. Based on the economic analysis, ∼US$ 2.9 and US$ 4.2 were needed to convert 1 kg DR into cellulose and activated carbon, respectively. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, East Java, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, North Dist., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan; School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Can Tho City, 900100, Viet Nam